UNIVERSITY  OF 
ILLINOIS  LIBRARY 
AT  URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 
AGRICULTURE 


/ 


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Agricultural  Library 


UL 


Uiop  Production 


BULLETIN  No.  1 


NEW  SERIES. 


REPORT  OF 

-^Agrigultu^al  Experiment  Station.^ 

Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  Auburn,  Ala., 
July  1888. 

\ 


\ 


/ : 


Ail  J? 

7m.  ) 

A M £ AA  v 

y /I 

REPORT  OF  AGRICULTURAL 

EXPERIMENT  STATION, 

A®I€IIiffSM  AS»  MbOBAIIOAI  €®LEE€E, 

AUBURN,  ALA.,  JULY,  1888. 


BOARD  OF  VISITORS: 


COMMITTEE  OF  TRUSTEES  ON  EXPERIMENT  STATION  .* 

Hon.  J.  G.  Gilchrist,  Hon.  R.  F.  Ligon,  Hon.  J.  B.  Mitchell. 
BOARD  OF  DIRECTION : 


W.  L.  Broun President. 

J.  S.  Newman Director  and  Agriculturist. 

N.  T,  Lupton Vice -Director  and  Chemist. 

P.  H.  Mell y Botanist.* 

Biologist.f 


Assistants  : 


Isaac  Ross 

E.  R.  Lloyd,  M.  Sc 

J.  T.  Anderson,  Ph.  D.... 
L.  W.  Wilkinson,  M.  Sc 
T.  D.  Samford,  B.  Sc 


( First  Assistant  Agriculturist  in  charge 

( of  Live  Stock  and  Dairy. 

Second  Assistant  Agriculturist. 

First  Assistant  Chemist. 

' Second  Assistant  Chemist. 

Assistant  BotanisL 


* Prof.  Mell  has  also  charge  of  Meteorological  observations, 
t To  be  filled. 


Circulating  copy 


Agricultural  Library 

REPORT  OF  J.  S.  NEWMAN,  DIRECTOR. 

OUTLINE  OP  WORK. 

The  experiment  station  of  the  A.  & M.  College  was  established 
under  State  law  in  the  summer  of  1883. 

An  exhausted  farm  of  226  acres  was  purchased  to  be  used  for  the 
purpose.  Much  of  it  was  turned  out  on  the  commons  ; the  build- 
ings and  fences  on  the  remainder  were  in  a very  dilapidated  con- 
dition. A large  portion  of  the  land  had  been  abandoned  for  cul 
tivation  on  account  of  its  poverty  and  gullied  condition. 

Under  these  circumstances,  with  only  one  official  connected 
with  the  Station,  the  Director,  who  was  also  prof,  of  Agriculure, 
progress  in  development  was  slow  , especially  since  the  funds  ap- 
propriated to  the  Station  were  small  in  amount  Notwithstanding 
these  difficulties,  considerable  progress  has  been  made  in  some 
departments  of  the  work, — especially  is  this  true  of  the  Horticul- 
tural department. 

Field  experiments  have  been  conducted  each  year,  and  bulletins 
furnished  the  Department  of  Agriculture  for  publication,  as  re- 
quired by  law. 

The  equipment,  so  far  as  machinery  and  improved  impliments 
are  concerned,  has  been,  until  now,  inferior  to  that  of  an  ordinary 
well  conducted,  private  farm. 

Much  time  5nd  labor  have  been  expended  in  clearing  up  pine 
thickets,  tilling  gullies,  building  fences,  and  arranging  for  a supply 
of  water  under  pressure. 

The  only  experiment,  so  far,  conducted  with  cattle,  has  been 
that  of  intense  inbreeding  with  thoroughbred  Jerseys — This  has 
been  continued  for  four  years,  under  careful  supervision,  with 
apparently  favorable  results. 

Besides  experiments  already  completed,  a large  number  are 
now  in  progress  in  field,  orchard,  vineyard,  and  garden. 

The  cotton  plant  has  been  made  a subject  of  special  inquiry, 
both  as  to  its  development  above  ground,  and  its  root  growth. 

Similar  inquiries  have  been  made  with  regard  to  the  corn  plant 

In  both,  varieties  have  been  compared,  inquiries  made  as  to 
the  fertilizers  best  adapted  to  their  growth  upon  the  soil  of  this 
Station,  and  with  the  additional  facilities  which  will  now  be  sup- 


6 


plied  through  the  Congressional  appropriation,  inquiries  will  be 
multiplied  and  carried  to  much  greater  detail. 

The  experiment  work  upon  the  Station  is  divided  into  two  gen- 
eral classes  : 

First,  The  demonstration  of  facts  already  known  to  the  ad- 
vanced agriculturist,  but  not  generally  disseminated. 

Second,  Original  investigation  having  for  its  object  the  dis- 
covery of  truth.  So  far  as  the  study  of  plants  is  concerned,  in- 
vestigations will  be  made  first  upon  the  most  useful  and  gen- 
erally cultivated  plants  in  the  Southern  States. 

Feeding  experiments  will  be  principally  confined  to  inquiries 
looking  to  determining  the  nutritive  value  of  peculiarly  southern 
crops,  and  their  digestibility.  Besides  the  experiments  reported 
on  the  following  pages,  inquiries  are  in  progress  with  reference 
to  cotton,  corn,  sweet  potatoes,  tobacco,  forage  plants,  ground- 
peas,  sorghum,  wheat,  and  in  the  orchard,  pears,  apples,  plums, 
peaches,  figs,  quinces  and  cherries. 

All  of  these  have  been  planted  in  considerable  variety  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  which  varieties  are  best  adapted  to  this 
soil  and  climate,  as  well  as  to  record  the  characteristics,  both  as 
to  vegetation  and  reproduction  of  varieties. 

The  diseases  affecting  the  different  species  of  fruits  and  vines, 
as  well  as  their  enemies  amongst  birds  and  insects  will  be  sub- 
jects of  special  investigation. 

Fifty-eight  varieties  of  grapes  are  being  fruited  £nd  propagated, 
sixty  varieties  of  strawberries,  and  twenty-nine  of  raspberries. 

The  soil  of  the  Station  ie  principal^  either  sandy  or  pebble 
drift,  mostly  with  clay  sub-soil  generally  beyond  the  reach  of 
the  plow.  There  is,  however,  sufficient  area  of  clay  subsoil  within 
reach  of  the  plow  to  vary  the  investigation  so  far  as  soil  is  con- 
cerned. 

The  soils  of  the  Station,  therefore,  represent  a large  area  of  the 
State  of  Alabama  ; a portion  of  which  lies  above  the  prairie  region 
extending  nearly  across  the  State,  but  a still  larger  area  lying  be- 
tween the  prairie  belt  and  the  gulf. 

In  order  to  investigate  the  properties,  physical  and  chemical, 
and  the  needs  of  typical  soils  throughout  the  State,  ten  such  soils 
have  been  collected  from  the  virgin  forests,  keeping  the  soil  and 
subsoil  separate  and  replacing  them  in  their  natural  relative  posi- 
tion in  bins  prepared  for  the  purpose  and  placed  under  identical 
circumstances.  Each  soil  and  subsoil  is  being  subjected  to  chem- 


7 


ical  and  mechanical  analysis  in  the  laboratory,  and  plant  analysis 
in  the  field. 

Each  soil  and  sub-soil  is  divided  into  eight  parcels  and  placed  in 
as  many  bins. 

The  cotton  plant  is  growing  in  each  bin.  To  these  has  been  ap- 
plied different  elements  and  combinations  of  elements  of  plant 
food  for  the  purpose  of  inquiring  which  of  these  elements  are  • 
needed  by  each  particular  soil.  This  will  be  repeated  from  year 
to  year  until  a sufficient  number  of  tests  have  been  made  to 
eliminate  the  variable  factor  of  climatic  influences  resulting  from 
difference  in  seasons. 

Additional  barns,  silos,  offices  and  working  rooms  are  being  sup- 
plied, and  a complete  outfit  of  improved  machinery  and  farm  im. 
plements  has  been  purchased. 

It  is  proposed  to  test  by.the  Dynamometer  the  draft  of  different 
tools  and  machines,  and  manufacturers  will  be  invited,  at  a stated 
period  each  year,  to  send  to  the  Station  specimens  of  their  imple- 
ments, plows  especially,  to  be  carefully  and  accurately  tested, 
and  the  results  reported  in  the  Station  Bulletins. 

A new  and  complete  laboratory  building  is  now  thoroughly 
equipped  for  work  in  the  chemical  department. 

A complete  meteorological  outfit  has  been  purchased,  and 
microscopes  ordered  for  thorough  work  in  investigation  of  the 
secrets  of  animal  and  vegetable  life  especially  the  fungi  injurious 
to  useful  vegetation,  as  well  as  the  habits  of  insects,  friendly  or, 
injurious  to  vegetation. 

A Creamery  will  be  equipped  during  the  present  year,  with 
the  best  modern  appliances  by  means  of  which  the  most  approved 
methods  of  handling  milk  and  butter  will  be  demonstrated,  and, 
in  connection  with  that  department,  feeding  experiments  with 
special  reference  to  milk  and  butter  production  will  be  conducted. 

The  Experiment  Station  being  in  immediate  connection  with 
the  college  grounds,  the  members  of  the  agricultural  classes  have 
exceptional  opportunities  for  acquiring  familiarity  with  its  work 
and  of  becoming  acquainted  with  methods  of  scientific  investiga- 
tion. 

The  Station  was  re-organized  under  the  act,  known  as  the 
aHatch  Bill,”  to  take  effect  the  hirst  of  April.  It  came  too  late 
for  the  inauguration  of  new  experiments  in  the  held  or  garden. 

The  following  results  are  from  experiments  commenced  under 
the  old  organization  and  completed  since  April  1st : 


8 


Experiments  With  Table  Corn. — 

Object — To  compare  earliness  of  varieties. 

Planted  March  7th,  except  Hickory  King,  White  Pearl  and 
Perry’s  Hybrid,  which  were  planted  March  22nd. 

Results. 


Name  of  Variety. 

Seedman. 

First  Tassel. 

[ Time  Edible. 

1.  Early  Minnesota 

F erry 

May  9 ...  . 

May  30 

2.  Old  Colony 

“ 31 

June  18 

3.  Corv 

“ 

8 

May  28 

4.  Black  Mexican 

“ 

“ 18 

June  1 

5.  Crosby’s  Ex.  Early  Sweet 

“ 

12 

“ 2 

6.  Early  Southern 

T.Leets’  Early 

“ 

“ 15 

“ 5 

“ 14 

“ 1 

8.  Excelsior  Sweet 

“ 

“ 21 

“ 18 

9.  Perry’s  Hybrid 

K 

«.  14 

“ 4 

10.  Boynton’s  Early 

II 

“ 12 

w 2 

11.  Lanareth’s  Sugar 

Landreth . . . 

“ 25 

« 18  ! 

12.  Hudson’s  Bay  (field) 

44 

M 12 

“ 1 

13.  Old  Cabin  Home 

it 

June  5 

“ 22 

14.  2d  1st  Early  Landreth’s  Market 

May  11. 

May  30  ! 

15.  Golden  Beauty 

U.  S.  Pep 

“ 29 

June  21 

16.  Clark’s  Flour  Corn 

June  15 

July  2 

17.  Stabler’s  Early 

44  it  4C 

May  16 
“ 28 

Tune  9 

18.  Egyptian 

44  it  U 

“ 15 

19.  Cory 

4(  44  44 

“ 10 

May  29 

20.  White  Giant  Normandy 

44  44  4 4 

June  1 

June  18 

21.  Improved  Evergreen 

22.  Livingston’s  Evergreen  Sugar 

23.  Adam’s  Early 

44  44  44 

May  28 

“ 15  \ 

Livingston . . 
Exp’t  St’n . . 

“ 23 

“ 18 

“ 11 

“ 5 

24.  Evergreen  Sweet 

“ 25 

“ 20 

25.  New  Hickory  King 

44  44 

Tune  2 

*•  22 

26.  Champion  Early  White  Pearl 

it  44 

“ 4 

“ 28 

27.  Perry’s  Hybrid 

44  44 

May  27  . 

“ 22 

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16 


MULCHED  AND  UNMULCHED  STRAWBERRIES. 

To  compare  the  production  of  mulched  with  that  of  unmulched 
plants.  In  the  early  spring  of  1887  two  hundred  plants  of  the 
Sharpless  variety  of  strawberries  were  planted  in  fertile,  pebbly 
drift. 

One  hundred  of  the  plants  were  mulched  with  oat  straw  and  one 
hundred  left  unmulched. 

During  the  spring  of  ’87  the  flower  stalks  were  pulled  from  50 
of  the  mulched  and  fifty  of  the  unmulched  plants  for  the  purpose 
of  ascertaining  the  effect  of  this  treatment  upon  the  production  the 
next  year. 

During  the  fall  of  1887  eleven  of  the  unmulched  plants  died 
while  only  one  of  the  mulched  perished. 

These  were  carefully  replaced  with  plants  of  the  same  age  from 
an  adjacent  bed  in  order  that  the  final  test  of  productiveness 
might  be  made  upon  equal  number  of  plants  in  each  case. 

Last  spring  the  following  notes  were  made : viz.  The  un- 
mulched plants  commenced  ripening  their  fruit  April  18th,  and 
the  mulched  April  24th. 

The  mulching  therefore  had  the  effect  of  retarding  the  ripening 
of  the  berries  six  days. 

* The  patch  was  divided  into  four  plats  as  follows : 

1st.  Fifty  plants,  unmulched  which  were  allowed  to  ripen  their 
fruit  in  1887,  the  first  season  after  planting. 

2d.  Fifty  plants,  mulched  which  bore  fruit  the  first  season. 

3d.  Filty  plants,  unmulched  from  which  the  fruit  stalks  were 
removed  the  first  season. 

4.  Fifty  plants,  mulched  from  which  the  fruit  stalks  were  removed. 


Mulching  increased  the  yield  several  quarts  from  fifty  plants, 
nearly  doubling  the  yield. 

Removing  the  fruit  stalks  the  first  season  did  not  pay. 

Twenty-five  selected  berries  from  these  plats  weighed  upon  the 
scales  in  the  chemical  lobaratory,  one  pound;  and  22  of  them  filled 
a quart  measure. 

The  unmulched  being  earlier  than  the  mulched  plats,  sustained 
grearter  loss  from  late  frosts.  The  extent  of  this  could  not  be  as- 
certained. 


REPORT  OF  N.  T.  LUPTON,  CHEMIST, 


During  the  year  ending  July  1st,  a large  amount  of  work  has 
been  done  in  the  Laboratory  by  the  chemist  in  charge  and  his  as- 
sistants, Messrs.  L.  W.  Wilkinson  and  B.  S.  Burton.  $ince  the 
1st  of  April,  Dr.  J.  T.  Anderson  has  been  employed  as  First  As- 
sistant Chemist  of  the  Agricultural  Station,  mid  has  been  en- 
gaged on  the  analysis  of  representative  soils  of  the  state. 

The  work  of  the  year  has  been  mainly  in  connection  with  the 
State  Department  of  Agriculture,  of  which  the  Professor  of 
Chemistry  in  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  is  made 
by  law,  “the  official  chemist.”  He  is  required  “on  the  applica- 
tion of  the  Commissioner  to  analyze  and  certify  the  analysis  of 
all  fertilizers,  samples  of  which  are  furnished  him,”  also,  of  such 
other  materials  as  the  Commissioner  may  direct 

The  Director  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  station  is  also  au- 
thorized to  have  such  analyses  made  as  may  be  necessary  to  car- 
ry on  the  experimental  work  under  his  supervision. 

The  variety  and  extent  of  this  work  can  be  seen  from  the  fol- 
lowing tabular  statement  of  the  number  and  character  of  the 
quantitive  analyses  made  during  the  past  four  years.  It  is 
scarcely  necessary  to  state  that  in  the  analysis  of  fertilizers,  only 
those  constituents  have  been  determined  which  are  required  un- 
der the  law,  viz  : Water  soluble,  citrate  soluble  and  acid  soluble 

phosphoric  acid,  nitrogen  and  potash. 

NUMBER  AND  CHARACTER  OF  qUANTATIVE  ANALYSIS  MADE  IN  THE  STATE 
LABORATORY  DURING  THE  PAST  FOUR  YEARS,  UNDER  THE  { 

GENERAL  SUPERVISION  OF  THE  COMMISSIONER  OF 
AGRICULTURE  AND  THE  DIRECTOR  OF 
EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Number  of  Analyses. 

1884-85. 

1885-86. 

1886-87. 

1887-88, 

Acid  phosphates  with  nitrogen  and  potash 

13 

24 

79 

65 

Acid  phosphates  with  potash 

3 

Acid  phosphates 

6 

18 

41 

52 

Natural  guanos 

3 

3 

11 

8 

Phosphatic  rocks  and  deposits 

103 

27 

3 

Marls  and  calcareous  rocks ....  

12 

19 

5 

9 

Mucks 

3 

4 

1 

2 

Cotton  seed  meal 

3 

Cotton  seed  hull  ash 

1 

Cave  earths 

3 

Composts. 

5 

3 

Kainit  and  potash  salts. 

o 

4 

6 

6 

Feed  stuffs 

2 

5 

3 

Nitrogenous  material 

5 

Wheat 

10 

Cane  juice  and  begasse 

6 

7 

Coal 

1 

2 

4 

Iron  ores 

4 

4 

1 

2 

Clays 

10 

Waters 

2 

3 

Soils 

12 

4 

4 

14G 

131 

175 

186 

In  addition  to  the  above,  a considerable  number  of  minealogical  specimens,  such 
as  pyrites,  limestones,  marles,  etc.,  were  determined  qualitatively,  and  some  other 
work  done  not  properly  belonging  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture  or  Ex.  Station. 
The  details  of  the  analysis  of  fertilizers  are  as  follows  : 


RESULTS  OF  ANALYSES  OF  FERTILIZERS  REPORTED  BY  DR.  N.  T.  LUPTON,  STATE  CHEMIST,  FROM  SAMPLES  FURNISHED  BY  MANUFAC 

TURERS  AND  OTHERS,  FOR  SEASON  OF  1887*88 — SEPTEMBER  TO  JULY. 


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Geneva,  Ala. 
Atlanta,  Ga. . 
Geneva,  Ala. 

44  44 

44  44 

Atlanta,  Ga.  . . 
Clayton,  Ala.. 
Selma,  Ala. . . . 

Savannah,  Ga. 

(4  44 

44  4 

Newnan,  Ga. 
Montgomery. 

44 

Troy,  Ala... 
Atlanta,  Ga.. . 

Oxford,  Ala  . . 
Mobile,  Ala... 
Savannah,  Ga. 
Alexandria,  Ala 

Opelika,  Ala.  . 
Mobile,  Ala. . . 
Pickensv’le  Ala 
Greenville,  Ala 
Oxford,  Ala... 
Fayette,  C.  H. 
Young’boroAla. 

44  4 4 

A.  Station,  Ala 

Malone  & Corns 
Treadw’ll,  A.&co 
Malone  & Col’ns 

Adair  Bros  & co 
Clayton  F’r  Co 
C W Hooper  &co 

D L Roberts .... 

44  44 

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Coweta  Frtl’r  co 

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N H Holmes.. 

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A.  H.  Rainer.  . 
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So.  acid  phos  co. 

4 • * 44 

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O WCooper  & co 
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44  44 

Murphy,  D & F 
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W G Hinton  &S 
J Steiner  & sons 
O W Cooper.  . 
J B Collins.... 
W.  G.  Whitman 

44  4 4 

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24 


The  methods  of  analysis  used  are  those  adopted  by  the  Associa- 
tion of  Official  Agricultural  Chemists  at  their  last  meeting  in 
Washington  and  published  in  pamphlet  form. 

In  soil  analysis,  the  methods  published  by  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  at  Washington  have  been  strictly  followed,  and  great 
care  has  been  taken  to  secure  accurate  results.  While  soil  analy- 
sis has,  of  late  years,  fallen  somewhat  into  disrepute,  on  account 
of  hasty  conclusions  drawn  from  imperfect  data,  and  a want  of 
thorough  study  of  all  the  conditions  of  plant  growth,  it  has  an  im- 
portant value  in  the  scientific  investigation  of  the  productive  ca- 
pacity of  soils  and  the  means  best  adapted  to  restore  fertility  and 
to  prevent  exhaustion. 

In  accordance  witjj  the  plan  of  experimentation  agreed  upon 
for  the  Station,  representative  soils  with  sub-soils  from  different 
portions  of  the  State  have  been  collected  which  will  be  analyzed 
ith  great  care,  and  their  productive  value  with  and  without  fer- 
tilizers, determined  by  carefully  conducted  and  accurate  experi- 
ments at  the  Station.  Important  conclusions,  it  is  believed,  will 
be  drawn  from  these  results,  not  only  of  general  scientific  value, 
but  of  practical  utility  to  the  agriculturists  of  Alabama  and  other 
states. 

The  results  of  soil  analysis  thus  far  completed  are  as  follows  : 

RESULTS  OF  ANALYSES  OF  AIR-DRIED  SOILS  AND  SUB-SOILS. — SOIL  RECEIVED 


FROM  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


1 

Virgin  Soil. 

Cul’d  or  worn  s’i 

Soil. 

SU 

Soil. 

Subso’l 

Soil  marked 

' 1 (a) 

i (b) 

2 (a) 

2 (b) 

Station  number 

1001 

1002 

1003 

1004 

Moisture  

; 3 686 

1 535 

0 981 

0 512 

Insoluble  Silica 

82  131 

88  718 

89  713 

91  602 

Hydrated  Silica 

2 253 

2 173 

1 909 

2 161 

Soluble  Silica 

0 194 

0 115 

0 307 

0 067 

Sesquioxide  of  Iron,  F,  0 3 

1 434 

1 505 

0 813 

1 028 

Alumina,  A1 2,  O 3 

3 028 

3 140 

1 867 

2 590 

Phosphoric  Acid,  P 2,  O 5 

0 059 

0 093 

0 056 

0 060 

Lime,  Ca.O 

: 0 091 

0 031 

0 086 

0 034 

Magnesia,  Mgo 

0 058 

0 023 

0 072 

0 012 

Potash,  K 2,  O 

0 062 

0 090 

0 034 

0 092 

Soda,  Na.  2,  O 

0 184 

0 718 

0 440 

0 281 

Sulphuric  Acid,  S03 

0 101 

0 041 

0 056 

0 021 

Chlorine,  Cl 

0 009 

0 on 

0 015 

0 014 

Carbonic  Acid,  C O 2 : 

0 180 

0 058 

0 106 

0 095 

Volatile  and  Organic  Matter  

5 838 

2 064 

3 208 

1 112 

Total 

99  308 

100  315 

99  663 

~~99  681 

Nitrogen 

0 379 

0 274 

0 293 

0 253 

The  Air-dried  soil  contains 

Coarse  Gravel 

31  20 

22  11 

26  18 

18  IS 

Fine  Material. 

68  80 

77  88 

73  82 

81  87 

25 


REPORT  OF  P.  H.  MELL,  BOTANIST. 

So  short  a time  has  elapsed  since  the  organization  of  the 
Experiment  Station,  but  little  can  be  said  of  the  Botanical  work. 

An  outline  of  some  of  the  plans  proposed,  however,  may  not  be 
amiss  here. 

The  investigations  in  this  department  were  intended  by  the 
laws  establishing  the  station  to  cover  the  entire  state.  In  other 
words  it  is  contemplated  to  write  in  popular  language  a botany 
of  Alabama  that  will  be  equally  intelligible  to  the  farmer  and 
valuable  to  the  scientific  student.  This  will  not  be  the  work  of 
a few  months,  nor  will  it  be  accomplished  by  one  person.  But  it 
must  be  the  work  of  years  and  through  the  combined  efforts  of 
the  earnest  farmers  of  Alabama  and  the  officers  of  the  Experiment 
Station. 

As  we  look  over  the  field  before  us  it  seems  best  at  present  to 
divide  the  work  as  follows: 

1.  The  Classification  and  determination  of  the  relative  econom- 
ic values  of  all  wild  plants  useful  for  forage  and  other  like  agri- 
cultural purposes. 

2.  The  classification  of  all  noxious  weeds  and  a discussion  of 
the  best  and  cheapest  methods  of  eradicating  them. 

3.  The  medical  plants  of  the  State. 

4.  Trees  and  shrubs  that  are  suitable  for  lumber  and  building 
interests. 

It  will  also  be  a matter  of  importance  to  examine  these  wild 
plants  while  under  a state  of  cultivation  and  thus  prove  their 
adaptation  to  the  wants  of  the  farmer. 

Valuable  assistance  in  the  prosecution  of  this  work  may  be 
rendered  by  the  farmers  of  the  State  if  they  will  send  specimens 
of  plants  to  the  Station  carefully  collected  in  the  following  man- 
ner: 

1.  In  the  case  of  an  herb  or  grass  the  entire  plant  must  be 
sent  including  roots,  stem,  leaves,  flowers  and,  if  possible,  the  fruit 
also.  Select  fifteen  or  twenty  vigorous,  well  grown  specimens 
and  place  them  between  sheets  of  thick  unsized  paper,  taking 
care  to  spread  the  leaves  and  adjust  the  flowers  so  that  the  small- 
est proportions  of  parts  are  not  folded  and  bent  out  of  shape.  Place 
a pressure  of  30  or  40  lbs  on  the  paper  and  place  aside  to  dry 
When  the  plant  is  too  long  for  the  size  of  the  paper,  bend  the 
stems  until  reduced  to  proper  proportions. 


26 


2.  Take  careful  notes  of  the  plant  surroundings.  The  charac- 
acter  of  soil,  whether  found  on  up  land  or  loyr  land,  moist  or  dry- 
land, foreest  or  open  field,  time  of  flowering  and  seeding,  etc., 
height  of  plants.  State  whether  the  plants  are  in  large  or 
small  nnmbers.  Are  stock  known  to  eat  them,  etc. 

3.  In  case  of  large  trees  and  shrubs  it  will  be  best  to  take  sec- 
tions of  the  trunk  and  collect  the  leaves,  flowers  and  fruits.  The 
sections  must  be  cut  ten  inches  long  and  the  bark  left  on  un- 
bruised. These  specimens  should  then  be  numbered  and  careful- 
ly packed  in  strong  boxes  and  shipped  by  freight  to  the  station  at 
Auburn.  Notes  must  be  taken  concerning  the  tree,  where  it  is 
found,  kind  of  soil,  common  name,  if  known,  and  if  it  has  been 
used  for  any  special  purpose.  Place  a number  on  the  note  corres- 
ponding to  that  on  the  section.  Send  the  notes  by  mail  to  Au- 
burn. The  leaves  must  be  pressed  between  paper  as  already  de- 
scribed. 

4.  In  sending  specimens  through  the  mail  or  by  express  do  not 
roll  the  papers  but  pack  them  spread  out  as  they  come  from  the 
press.  Lay  the  sheets  containing  the  plants  one  on  top  of  the  oth- 
er, place  at  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  package  stout  paste  board. 
Wrap  all  with  strong  paper  and  address  to  Experiment  Station, 
Auburn,  Ala.,  (Department  of  Botany.)  In  every  shipment  send 
notes,  name  and  post  office. 

The  grasses  are  best  collected  between  the  first  of  May  and  the 
first  of  October.  Many  plants  mature  their  seeds  by  the  first  of 
June,  and  they  must  be  collected  early  in  the  spring  just  as  soon 
as  the  flowers  are  formed  well. 


AVERAGE  PRECIPITATION,  IN  INCHES,  FOR  THE  STATE  OF  ALABAMA. 


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METEOROLOGICAL  OBSERVATIONS. 


METEOROLOGICAL  REPORT  FOR  THE  STATE  OF  ALABAMA  BY 

P.  H.  MELL. 


AVERAGE  TEMPERATURE  OF  EACH  MONTH  FOR  THE  STATE.  COMPILED  FROM 
ALABAMA  WEATHER  SERVICE  REPORTS,  FOR  FOUR  YEARS  (84-88). 


January 43  8 deg’s. 

February 48  6 “ 

March 54  3 “ 

April 64  5 “ 

May 71  9 “ 

June 77  6 “ 


July 

81 

deg’s. 

August  

78 

2 

*• 

September 

75 

1 

it 

October 

64 

2 

44 

November 

52 

3 

it 

December 

2 

44 

AVERAGE  TEMPERATURE  FOR  THE  STATE. 


Spring. . 
Autumn . 


69  7 deg’s.  I Summer 78  9 


63  9 


Winter 47  5 


Average  for  the  State 65  deg’s. 

AVERAGE  PRECIPITATION  FOR  SEASONS  FOR  FOUR  YEARS  1884-88). 


Spring 4 26  inches.  I Summer 3 90  inches. 

Autumn 7 77  “ | Winter 5 11  “ 


Average  precipitation  for  North  Alabama 49  56  inches' 

Average  precipitation  for  Middle  Alabama 50  46  “ 

Average  precipitation  for  South  Alabama 54  22  “ 

Average  precipitation  for  State 50  88  “ 

Yearly  average  clear  days 116 

“ fair  days 119 

“ “ cloudy  days 126 


AVERAGE  BAROMETER  FOR  THE  STATE  FOR  EACH  YEAR.  COMPILED  FROM  RE- 


PORTS FROM  ALABAMA  WEATHER  SERVICE. 


1884,  from  March  1st,  1184,  to  March  1st,  1885 30  089 

1885,  from  March  1st,  1885,  to  March  1st,  1886 30  081 

1886,  beginning  January  1st 30  087 

1887 30  144 

1888,  — January  1st,  to  June  1st 30  130 


Maximum  Barometer,  30,800.  Observed  on  3d  of  January,  1887,  at  Livingston. 

Minimum  Barometer,  28.955.  January  3d,  1886,  at  Auburn. 

First  killing  frost  in  fall  in  North  Alabama  occurs  between 
the  eighteenth  of  October  and  sixteenth  of  November. 

In  Middle  Alabama  it  occurs  between  the  twenty-fourth  of 
October  and  twenty-sixth  of  November.  In  South  Alabama  it 
occurs  between  November  seventh  and  twenty-fifth. 

During  a period  of  seventeen  years  (1871  to  1888),  the  highest 
recorded  summer  temperature  was  109  degrees,  which  occurred  at 
Livingston  on  the  sixth  of  June,  1885. 


31 


The  lowest  recorded  temperature  during  the  same  period  was 
seven  degrees  below  zero  at  Gadsden,  on  the  eleventh  of  January, 
1886,  making  an  absolute  range  within  the  seventeen  years  of  116 
degrees.  These  were  exceptional  periods,  however,  because, 
comparing  one  year’s  average  temperature  with  averages  of  oth- 
er years,  we  find  there  is  only  a range  of  2.8  degrees,  thus  indi- 
cating that  the  climate  of  the  State  is  mild  and  uniform ; no  verv 
great  extremes. 

SOIL  TEMPERATURES. 


MEAN  TEMPERATURE  OF  SOIL,  AT  DIFFERENT  DEPTHS,  FOR  UP-LAND,  ON  EX- 
PERIMENT STATION,  1888. 

The  data  in  the  following  tables  represent  the  averages  of  ob- 
servations taken  three  times  per  day  at  7:30  a.  m,  2:30  p.  m.  and 
6:30  p.  m. 


SET  I. 


Depth. 
1 inch 
3 “ 

6 “ 

9 “ 
12  « 
24  “ 
36  “ 
48  “ 
60  “ 


MEAN  TEMPERATURE  OF  SOIL  AT  DIFEERENT  DEPTHS  ON 


Months. 


May. 

June- 

. 74  deg’s. 

81  deg’s. 

.74 

80  5 “ 

.73 

80 

.72  5 “ 

79 

.71  5 “ 

78  5 “• 

.71  5 “ 

76  5 “ 

.68 

74 

.66  5 “ 

72 

.65  5 “ 

70  5 “ 

UPLAND  ON  THE  EX- 

PERIMENT  STATION,  1888. 


SET  II. 


Depth. 
1 inch 
3 “ 

6 “ 

9 “ 
12  “ 
24  “ 
36  « 
48  “ 
60  “ 
72  “ 
84  “ 


Months. 


May. 

73  deg’s. 

June. 

79  5 deg’s. 

73 

“ 

80 

72  5 

tc 

79  5 “ 

72 

79 

.71 

78 

69 

« 

75  5 *• 

67 

73 

66 

71  5 “ 

65 

70 

64 

67  5 “ 

63  5 

“ 

67  5 “ 

62  5 

u 

66  5 

32 


MEAN  TEMPERATURE  OF  SOIL  AT  DIFFERENT  DEPTHS  ON  LOWLANDS.  EX1 
RIMENT  STATION,  1888. 


Depth. 
1 inch 
3 “ . 
6 “ . 
9 “ . 
12  “ . 
24  “ . 
36‘  ‘ . 
48‘  ‘ . 
60‘  * . 


SET.  III. 

Months. 


May. 

June 

.73  5 deg’s 

80  de* 

80 

74 

80 

71  5 “ 

78 

.71  5 “ 

77  5 “ 

.68  5 “ 

75  5 ‘* 

.67  5 “ 

73  5 “ 

.67  5 “ 

72  5 “ 

.65  5 “ 

70 

i 

Circulating  copy 

Agricultural  Library 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 
630.7AL1BN.S.  C005 

BULLETIN  AUBURN,  ALA. 


3 0112  019400057 


